Bigotry: networking against the interests of women
Author: Hiranmayee R,
2nd year, BBA LLB (Hons.,),
School Of Law
Christ (Deemed to be University).
2nd year, BBA LLB (Hons.,),
School Of Law
Christ (Deemed to be University).
The expanding scope of the web, the quick spread of versatile data, and the broad utilization of internet based life, combined with the current pandemic of violence against women and girls (VAWG), has prompted the rise of digital violence against women and girls (VAWG) as a developing worldwide issue with conceivably critical financial and societal outcomes. New advancements empower a transgression of the limits of “physical” or “genuine” characters, and in these liquid spaces, people manufacture new connections and systems, exploring new, furthermore, in many cases, various personalities. The National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) of India does not maintain any separate record of cyber-crimes against women. Would this also lead to an increasing rate of cyber discrimination towards women in their personal space? This paper would like to view the urge of people to cause mental trauma and the delusions towards women being harassed online and would like to bring in a contrast of how different these networking practices are being carried towards the ideals of men and women being assaulted. Furthermore, this paper would also like to take into consideration the role of media and other various sources that cause trafficking towards women in the cyberspace. The article advocates that strategy decisions need to keep away from stories of dread around new innovations, accounts that can successfully compel ladies’ opportunity to utilize computerized spaces. By taking into consideration past access-focused methodologies, this article would like to demonstrates how new innovations have a genuine potential for ladies’ strengthening, as a space where ladies can draw in with issues of citizenship and examine the male- centric structures of the developing mechanical worldview. The world still assumes that provocations of cyber threats are limited only to women. The conclusions would specify that men are also equally being threatened through these networking policies.
Keywords: Cyberspace, Internet, ladies’ strengthening, Male- centric, Trafficking, National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB), Violence against Women and Girls (VAWG).
What exactly do we understand by cyberspace?
The Oxford English Dictionary defines cyberspace as ‘the space of virtual reality; the notional environment within which electronic communication (esp. via the Internet) occurs’.
BACKGROUND
In an ongoing story distributed by CBC News, an Edmonton lady depicted the fear coming about because of an unusual badgering effort propelled by an ex. More than four nights, the lady was visited by in excess of 30 men, every one of whom was attracted by a progression of phony profiles set with online singles destinations. The men who endeavoured to get access to her home all report reacting to propose sexual meet ups, clearly arranged secretly. The ex, whom the unfortunate casualty portrayed as an “exceptionally, extremely injurious man,” had apparently compromised to send men to her home on the off chance that she didn’t “make the best decision” and end the crisis limiting request she had taken out against him. Edmonton police are examining the case, and the online webpage, Plentyoffish.com, is effectively coordinating.[1]
Cyber bullying and comparable types of online provocation have turned out to be increasingly basic in household misuse cases. More abusers are utilizing unknown postings to annoy accomplices who may some way or another be ensured by controlling requests. The few investigations done to date recommend that damaging accomplices are utilizing these advancements in exasperating ways, incorporating on the web provocation with dangers of physical or sexual viciousness and the utilization of digital observing to follow an accomplice’s developments and exercises. According to the alcohol myopia theory, excessive alcohol can lead to a narrowing of perceptual and cognitive functioning, and a corresponding impairment of judgment. For domestic abusers, drinking can aggravate existing psychological issues such as paranoia about infidelity, as well as reduce their inhibition towards violence. The majority of this can prompt an endless loop of distrustfulness and outrag
e as abusers use innovation to follow and irritate accomplices, frequently while affected by liquor. Since most grown-ups have cell phones and utilize informal communication applications, web based checking and misuse is less demanding than at any other time. Harsh accomplices can likewise exploit the mysterious idea of the Internet to mortify or annoy accomplices. Instances of digital maltreatment included checking an accomplice’s mobile phone call history, sending compromising messages or online messages, making undermining calls, observing accomplices via web-based networking media pages, sending an over the top number of writings or online messages, utilizing GPS to screen an accomplice’s area, and compromising to post humiliating photographs on the web.[2]
e as abusers use innovation to follow and irritate accomplices, frequently while affected by liquor. Since most grown-ups have cell phones and utilize informal communication applications, web based checking and misuse is less demanding than at any other time. Harsh accomplices can likewise exploit the mysterious idea of the Internet to mortify or annoy accomplices. Instances of digital maltreatment included checking an accomplice’s mobile phone call history, sending compromising messages or online messages, making undermining calls, observing accomplices via web-based networking media pages, sending an over the top number of writings or online messages, utilizing GPS to screen an accomplice’s area, and compromising to post humiliating photographs on the web.[2]
INTRODUCTION
Digital maltreatment or cyber abuse is a rising type of maltreatment that incorporates online provocation, on the web tormenting, non-consensual sharing of personal pictures on the web (frequently called vindicate pornography), sexual coercion, and cyber stalking. Likewise with different types of maltreatment, overcomers of digital maltreatment regularly encounter pulverizing mental outcomes, including nervousness, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), sadness, or self-destructive ideation. Since online cooperation is pervasive in youngsters’ lives – 92% of teenagers and almost 100% of understudies utilize the web every day – youngsters encounter digital maltreatment at higher rates than more established people, and youthful survivors are more liable to encounter negative emotional well-being side effects. These side effects can have genuine ramifications for a youngster’s scholastic working and capacity to succeed long after the maltreatment has finished. Secondary school and undergrads who encounter digital maltreatment may start doing inadequately in school, experience issues partaking in extracurricular exercises, or feel they can’t go to classes out and out. [3]
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS (VAWG)
Violence against women and girls (VAWG) is among the most widespread and unavoidable human rights infringement, influencing something like a billion ladies over the globe. Ongoing appraisals recommend that around 35 percent of ladies worldwide have encountered physical as well as sexual savagery from their accomplices, or non-accomplice sexual brutality – only a couple of the exceptionally common types of viciousness. VAWG takes numerous structures, including physical and psychological mistreatment, constrained and undesirable sex, early and constrained marriage, female genital cutting, dealing and hardship of assets and rights.
Ladies and young ladies confront viciousness at home, in school, in the city, at work, on open transportation and on the web. They encounter brutality in the midst of harmony and times of contention or war. The hazard is intersectional, implying that a few ladies and young ladies confront uplifted danger of encountering physical or sexual viciousness, including those wedded previously age 18, living in strife and delicacy, with low dimensions of instruction or who are sexual and sex minorities.
VAWG brings about staggering expenses for individual ladies, their families and entire networks, hindering advancement to accomplishing improvement objectives. Fortunately VAWG is preventable, and developing exploration is starting to exhibit the best approaches to stem the cycle of viciousness. A few systems are appearing, including those that change the worthiness of savagery, address brutal manliness and change sex elements inside family units and networks.[4]
CYBER SAFETY LAWS IN INDIA
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY ACT, 2000[5]
The Information Technology Act, 2000 consists of 94 sections segregated into 13 chapters. The primary purpose of this Act is to provide legal recognition to electronic commerce and to facilitate filing of electronic records with the government. It came into force on the 17th of October, 2000. It was introduced to amend the Indian P
enal Code, The Indian Evidence Act, 1872, The Banker’s Book Evidence Act, 1891 and the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
enal Code, The Indian Evidence Act, 1872, The Banker’s Book Evidence Act, 1891 and the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934.
· Electronic Documents can be marked with Digital mark and is perceived as proportionate to physical mark (sec 3 and 5)
· Electronic Documents are perceived as equal to paper Documents (sec 4)
Exceptions: Bill of trade promissory note, intensity of Attomey. Trust Deed, and so forth.
· Several Contranentions and offenses are perceived under part IX and XII of the Act
· Extra regional Jurisdiction secured
· Quick Justice
OFFENCES UNDER IT ACT, 2000
- Tampering with computer documents (sec 65)
- Hacking with computer systems ( sec 66)
- Publishing false digital signature ( sec 73)
- Breach of confidentiality & privacy
COMPUTER RELATED CRIME UNDER IPC AND OTHER LAWS
- Sending threat messages through e- mail ( sec 503)
- Forgery of electronic records ( sec 463 IPC)
- E- mail spoofing ( sec 463 IPC)
- Web jacking ( sec 383 IPC)
- Online sale of drugs ( narcotic & drug prevention acts)[6]
IMPORTANCE OF CYBERLAWS
Most individuals are utilizing email, mobile phones and SMS messages for correspondence. Even in “non-digital wrongdoing” cases, vital proof is found in PCs/PDAs for example in instances of separation, murder, abducting, sorted out wrongdoing, psychological militant activities, and fake cash and so on. Since it contacts every one of the parts of exchanges and exercises on and concerning the Internet, the World Wide Web and Cyberspace accordingly Cyber Law is critical.
NATIONAL CRIME RECORD BUREAU
NCRB was set-up in 1986 to function as a repository of information on crime and criminals so as to assist the investigators in linking crime to the perpetrators, based on the recommendations of the National Police Commission (1977-1981) and the MHA’s Task force (1985). The delayed information provided by the NCRB causes a major threat to women and others who are being highly affected by the crimes regularly. The wrongdoing insights in 2016 have been taken off by National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB) by and by expressing the undeniable that our nation whether it’s the urban areas or the country regions is strongly getting to be hazardous for ladies. An aggregate of 338,000 episodes of wrongdoing against ladies were recorded in 2016 against the aggregate of 329,000 violations against ladies in 2015.[7]
Rape, the most repulsive wrongdoing against ladies also have seen a flood as an aggregate of 38,947 assaults were accounted for in 2016, contrasted with 34,651 out of 2015. In any case, the insights have turned out with a stressing truth which may shock every one of the systems being made to stop wrongdoing against ladies as it has been discovered that in 94.6 percent cases, the charged was known to the person in question and much of the time they were relatives as close similar to the dad, sibling, and uncles.[8]
ROLE OF MEDIA IN CYBER CRIME
It is so difficult to oppose the existence web-based social networking machine has made for us.[9] A survey states that, 2.34 billion people in the world are on social media.[10] An average person spends around 2 hours on social media in a day.[11] 20 times a day people check facebook on their mobile phone.[12] 55% of the people use the same passwords for all of their accounts.[13] We make enormous trade offs as we turn out to be carefully associated all over the place and whenever.[14] 30% of malware e- mails are opened.[15] $575 (US) dollars are spent every year all around the world for cybercrime.[16] 2 out of 3 police officers believe that using social media will solve crimes faster. 87% of the cases with search warrants using social media are held up in the courts.[17]
Long range informal communication destinations have been in the spotlight for more 10 years. These sites have made an age in the historical backdrop of the internet affecting netizens in their own circle just as expert dimension. Today, there are not just modes of correspondence to stay in contact with old and new companions yet rather have turned into an open discussion to voice suppositions and assemble individuals for a worldwide insurgency. Well known long range interpersonal communication sites incorporate Facebook, LinkedIn, Instagram, Twitter, Orkut. The development and effect of these sites at an exponential rate have pulled in the digital wrongdoers to carry out cybercrimes in internet based life presenting risk to protection of people just as national security. National Investigation Agency through its sources has educated that each 6th cybercrime in India is carried out through internet based life. There has been around 70% ascent in cybercrimes yearly somewhere in the range of 2013 and 2015 as indicated by information given by National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB)[18].According to a report from Symantec, a security arrangements supplier, India positioned second among countries that were most focused for cybercrimes through the web-based social networking in 2014, after the US[19]. Today cybercrimes are showed in numerous structures to perpetrate offenses identified with protection, slander, distortion of personality, foulness, digital fear based oppression, and so forth.
EFFECTS OF CYBER ABUSE
Being manhandled does not really cause mental or medicinal disease to happen. Be that as it may, being manhandled makes it significantly more likely that at least one mental or restorative disease will happen. Defrauded individuals regularly create enthusiastic or mental issues optional to their maltreatment, including tension issue and different structures of despondency. They may create substance misuse issue. In the event that misuse has been extremely serious, the injured individual might be damaged, and may build up a posttraumatic stretch damage, for example, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or intense pressure issue. In the event that misuse has happened from a very early age and has been significant, an identity issue may happen for example, fringe, narcissistic, or dramatic identity issue or on the other hand sometimes, an extreme dissociative turmoil, for example, dissociative character issue (normally known as different identity issue). Sexual clutters might be available. Sex might be experienced as especially unfortunate, or physically or candidly agonizing. Then again, sexual wantonness might be seen with the expanded danger of explicitly transmitted ailments and undesirable pregnancy that such conduct conveys. Serious maltreatment can even lead the injured individual to mull over suicide or convey out self-destructive motivations. Misuse can result in poor confidence, which can lead to an absence of close and confiding seeing someone or to self-perception issues (especially for
sexual maltreatment unfortunate casualties), which thus can bring about dietary problems, which can be viewed as exploited people’s endeavors at poise in one little piece of life when they generally feels totally crazy and helpless.[20]
sexual maltreatment unfortunate casualties), which thus can bring about dietary problems, which can be viewed as exploited people’s endeavors at poise in one little piece of life when they generally feels totally crazy and helpless.[20]
WHO IS MORE AFFECTED? WOMEN OR MEN?
To date, digital VAWG has not been completely conceptualized or enacted against at EU level. Besides, there has been no sexual orientation disaggregated EU-wide study on the commonness furthermore, damages of digital VAWG and there is constrained national-level examine inside EU Member States. Nonetheless, the exploration that is accessible proposes that ladies are lopsidedly the objectives of specific types of digital viciousness contrasted with men. For instance, in a study of in excess of 9,000 German Web clients matured 10 to 50 years, ladies were essentially more probable than men to have been casualties of online sexual badgering and digital stalking, and the effects of these types of savagery were increasingly awful for exploited people.[21]
This finding is supported by a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center in the United States, which found that in spite of the fact that men are marginally almost certain than ladies to encounter generally ‘gentle’ types of online provocation, (for example, ridiculing and humiliation), ladies (especially young ladies matured 18-24) excessively encounter serious sorts of digital provocation, to be specific digital stalking what’s more, online inappropriate behavior.[22]
The consequences of these examinations are resounded by further research, uncovering the restrictions in adopting a sex dazzle strategy to digital brutality; the present proof recommends that the types of viciousness and the subsequent damage is experienced distinctively by ladies and men.[23]
Moreover, specialists have cautioned against conceptualizing digital VAWG as a totally independent marvel to ‘genuine world’ viciousness, when in actuality it is all the more suitably observed as a continuum of disconnected brutality. For instance, digital stalking by an accomplice or ex-accomplice pursues indistinguishable examples from disconnected stalking and is in this way private accomplice brutality[24], essentially encouraged by innovation[25]. Proof affirms this continuum: a UK investigation of digital stalking found that over half (54 %) of the cases included a first experience in a certifiable circumstance.[26]
Moreover, information from the 2014 FRA overview demonstrates that 77 % of ladies who have encountered digital badgering[27] have additionally experienced no less than one type of sexual or/ what’s more, physical brutality from a cozy accomplice; and 7 in 10 ladies (70 %) who have encountered digital stalking[28], have additionally experienced something like one type of physical or/and sexual brutality from a cozy accomplice[29].
DATA AVAILABILITY AND RESEARCH
Information on digital VAWG in the EU is rare and thusly next to no is thought about the genuine level of unfortunate casualties of digital VAWG and the pervasiveness of mischief. The best data accessible at EU level originates from the European Organization for Fundamental Rights’ (FRA) European Survey on Savagery Against Women (VAW) (2014), which included inquiries on digital stalking[30] and digital provocation[31]. In any case, as this overview was the first to gather information on these types of digital VAWG over the EU, there is no method by which to follow the development of the wonders and patterns in unfortunate casualty numbers after some time.
Apart from one (2008 Danish) survey, it was not possible to identify any nationally representative surveys at Member State level on the prevalence of cyber VAWG[32].
Given that in most Member States types of digital VAWG are not condemned, police or equity information on the wonder is rare. In Member States where types of digital VAWG are condemned, the information gathered is deficient with regards to disaggregation by sex of the person in question and culprit, and the relationship between them, which confines the convenience of the information[33]. This absence of information hampers the capacity to lead a gendered examination of digital savagery and a correlation of on the web and disconnected VAWG.
SUGGESTIONS
In addition to addressing the aforementioned gaps, more research is needed in the following areas:
- Utilization of online adverts or postings to draw ladies into conceivably unsafe circumstances (‘recruitment’).
- Appraisal of the seriousness of mischief experienced by casualties of types of digital VAWG, and the effect on their lives.
- Great practices in police and equity reactions to digital VAWG, including from an injured individual’s viewpoint.
- Distinguishing proof and examination of hazard factors and hazard evaluation systems, to anticipate mischief and re-exploitation.
CONCLUSION
Hundreds of millions of people currently use the internet to enhance their lives and those of others, yet a growing segment of the online population abuses the Internet for antisocial purposes, to stalk, harass and prey on other users, often with distressing effects. Internet- mediated aggression is a global phenomenon, and, disturbingly, it is on the rise[34], leading prima facie credence to the dystopian view that computer- mediated communication exacerbates bad behavior. To make matters worse, the tide of online violence is rising at a time when the Internet has moved from being a luxury to a necessity of daily life for educated people throughout the industrialized world. ‘Cyber Violence’ thus stands to have negative Impacts on a very large scale. The author does not specifically want to say only the women are being harassed online or are facing cyber threats. This area of cyber abuse is equally being reconciled by the men in the society. Hence, wise usage of the internet is highly needed in the economy. Growth of an individual helps the growth of the nation as a whole. Cyber bullying is a much neglected problem in India.
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[1] Psychology today
[2] Cyber Abuse and Intimate Partner Violence, Romeo Vitelli Ph.D.
[3] Anderson, M. & Jiang, J. (2018). Teens, Social Media & Technology 2018. Pew Research Center. Internet and Technology, 7
[4] https://www.icrw.org/issues/violence-against-women/
[5] http://www.legalservicesindia.com
[6] http://www.legalservicesindia.com
[7] India times, 14th February, 2018
[8] Supra note 7
[9] Anderssen, E {2014, March 29}. CRUSHED. The Globe and Mall
[10] Staistica. {2016}. Social media- Stastics & Facts. Retrieved from Staistica: https://www,statista.com/topics/1164/social- networks/
[11] Asano, E. {2017, January 4}. How Much Time Do People Spend on Social Media? Retrieved from Social Media Today: https://www.socialmediatoday.com/marketing/how-much-time-do-people-spend-social-media-infographic
[12] Banks, J.{2017}. Module 2: Online Friendship. Retrieved from FILM 260: Digital Media Trends: https://onq.queensu.ca/d2l/le/content/117252/viewContent/936359/view
[13] Cluley, G. {2013, April 23}. 55% of net users use the same password for most, if not all, websites. When will they learn? Retrieved from Sophos Ltd.: https://nakedsecurity.sophos.com/2013/04/23/ users-same-password-most-websites/
[14] Palfrey, J., & Gasser, U.{2017}. Module 03: Mobile Technologies. Retrieved from FILM 260: Digital Media Trends: https://onq.queensu.ca/d2l/le/content/117252/ViewContent/937234/Viw
[15] Crowe, J. {2016, July}. Phishing by the Numbers: Must- Know Phishing Statistics 2016. Retrieved from Barkley: https://blog.barkly.com/phishing-statistics-2016
[16] Dredge,S. {2014, December 24}. How you could become a victim of cybercrime in 2015. Retrieve from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/24/cybercrime-2015-cybersecurity-ransomware-cyberwar
[17] Lexis Nexis. {2012, July 18}. Role of Social Media in Law Enforcement Significant and Growing. Retrieved from Lexis Nexis: https://www.lexisnexis.com/en-us/about-us/media/press-release.page?id=1342623085481181
[18]Every Sixth Cybercrime In India Is Committed Through Social Media:NIA http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/every-sixth-cybercrime-in-india-committed-through-social-media-nia/story-KscgnwjcTZ0pzVeVaOiN6M.html (Last accessed on 26 February 2017).
[19] India ranks second in cyber attacks through social media Yuthika Bhargava April 22, 2015http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-ranks-second-in-cyber-attacks-through-social-media/article7130961.ece
[20] Effects of Abuse, Kathryn Patricelli, MA. Retrieved from: https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/effects-of-abuse/
[21] Staude-Müller, F., Hansen, B., Voss, M. (2012) How stressful is online victimization? Effects of victim’s personality and properties of the incident. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(2). Available at: http://www. tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17405629.2011.643170.
[22] Pew Research Center (2014). Online Harassment. Available at: http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/10/22/online-harassment/.
[23] Maple, C., Shart, E., Brown, A. (2011). Cyber stalking in the United Kingdom: An Analysis of the ECHO Pilot Survey. University of Bedfordshire. Available at: https:// www.beds.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/83109/ ECHO_Pilot_Final.pdf.
[24] “Intimate Partner Violence” is defined as: A pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviours, including physical, sexual and psychological acts, as well as economic coercion, which adults or adolescents may use against their intimate partners without their consent. The resulting feelings of shame, fear and helplessness lead to low levels of reporting and, subsequently, relatively few convictions. The largest burden of intimate partner violence is inflicted by men against their women partners (http:// eige.europa.eu/rdc/thesaurus/terms/1265).
[25] Burney, E. (2009). Making People Behave: Anti-Social Behaviour. Politics and Policy. Routledge. And: Chakraborti, N. and Garland, J. (2009). Hate Crime: Impact, Causes and Responses. 2nd Ed. London: Sage Publications Ltd.
[26] According to a large number of investigations, among which Pathé and Mullen (1997) emphasise, women experience cyberstalking in a more traumatic way than men. (Pathé, M. and Mullen, P.E. (1997). The impact of stalkers on their victims. [Abstract]. British Journal of Psychiatry Jan 1997, 170(1) 12-17. Available at: https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9068768#).
[27] 11 % of women have received unwanted, offensive sexually explicit emails or SMS messages, or inappropriate, offensive advances on social networking sites (FRA (2014). Violence against women: an EU-wide survey. Main results report, 29, 95. Available at: http://fra.europa.eu/ en/publication/2014/violence-against-women-eu-widesurvey-main-results-report).
[28] 5 % of women in the EU have experienced one or more forms of cyber stalking since the age of 15 (FRA, 2014: 87). Cyber stalking in this case included stalking by means of email, text messages or over the internet.
[29] Statistical analysis made by EIGE. 1044 women have suffered one or more of the three forms of cyber stalking and out of those women, 727 have experienced at least one or more forms of physical or/and sexual violence from an intimate partner. As part cyber harassment, out of 677 women who stated having suffered at least one of the three forms identified as cyber harassment, 518 (77 %) have also experienced at least one form of physical or/and sexual violence from an intimate partner.
[30] Cyberstalking: stalking by means of email, text messages or the internet – affects young women in particular. Four per cent of all 18 to 29-year-old women, or 1.5 million, in the EU-28 have experienced cyberstalking in the 12 months before the interview, compared with 0.3 % of women who are 60 years old or older. (FRA (2014). Violence against women: an EU-wide survey. Main results report. Available at: http://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2014/ violence-against-women-eu-wide-survey-main-resultsreport).
[31] Sexual harassment: non-verbal forms including cyber harassment, 11 % of women have received unwanted, offensive sexually explicit emails or SMS messages, or offensive, inappropriate advances on social networking sites (referring to experiences since the age of 15). (FRA (2014). Violence against women: an EU-wide survey. Main results report. Available at: http://fra.europa.eu/en/ publication/2014/violence-against-women-eu-widesurvey-main-results-report).
[32] K. Helweg-Larsen, N. Schütt, and H.B. Lar
sen (2012). Predictors and protective factors for adolescent Internet victimization: results from a 2008 nationwide Danish youth survey. Acta Paediatrica, 101(5), 533-539.
sen (2012). Predictors and protective factors for adolescent Internet victimization: results from a 2008 nationwide Danish youth survey. Acta Paediatrica, 101(5), 533-539.
[33] For example, England and Wales, which criminalised revenge porn in 2014. The BBC analysed freedom of information requests from 31 police forces in England and Wales between April and December 2015, though notably the sex of the victim and the relationship to the perpetrator is not recorded in the majority of cases, limiting the usefulness of the data: https://docs.google. com/spreadsheets/d/1T6bqWcss4JKu7L9LV11VLy-z8FeYPUP42ZW-SNe3Gmw/edit?usp=sharing.
[34] For example, a participant at the UNESCO Chair Symposium on ‘Women’ Rights, Cyber Rights’ held at Sookmyung Womens’s University in Seoul, Korea on May 31, 2002 noted that a Korean Internet Service Provider which recently implemented a system for users to report abusive behaviour online is receiving one million reports of such behaviour per month ( Shim, 2002). In the United States, WHO@ (2002) reports that it receives 100 reports of online harassment per week, 95% of which are legitimate cases.
